The Potential of Several Wild Invasive Fish Species as Fish-Based Organic Fertilizers on the Growth of Two Common Vegetables in Malaysia

Three common invasive fish species in Malaysia, Peacock Bass (Cichla ocellaris), Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and Algae Suckermouth Catfish (Hypostomus plecostomus) were assessed for their efficacy as potential powder fertilizers. These known to disturb the stability of lentic lotic aquatic ecosystems especially O. niloticus H. plecostomus, altering habitats food webs be unsuitable survival indigenous species, while C. ocellaris becoming active aggressive predators on overall reducing diversity. Plant primary macronutrient traces showed that fertilizer recorded highest Nitrogen (N) element percentage (15.81 ± 0.43 N %w/w) trace Potassium (K) (28,909.15 32.56 K mg/kg), plecostomus Phosphorus (P) (30,562.09 197.11 P mg/kg). secondary Magnesium (Mg) (1496.66 3.99 Mg Calcium (Ca) (6984.48 26.20 Ca Two vegetable tested growths, water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) (Spinacia oleracea), heights (263.74 12.29 mm, 166.35 9.46 mm), widest leaf width (14.82 0.66 21.08 1.53 stalk (3.06 0.10 2.89 0.17 respectively, comparable NPK 15:15:15 compound fertilizer, followed by predatory with concentration moderate concentrations, was suitable growth both semi-aquatic terrestrial vegetables grown low soils.